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### Variables for Specifying Commands

Makefiles should provide variables for overriding certain commands, options, and so on.

In particular, you should run most utility programs via variables. Thus, if you use Bison, have a variable named `BISON` whose default value is set with `BISON = bison`, and refer to it with `$(BISON)` whenever you need to use Bison.

File management utilities such as `ln`, `rm`, `mv`, and so on, need not be referred to through variables in this way, since users don't need to replace them with other programs.

Each program-name variable should come with an options variable that is used to supply options to the program. Append `FLAGS` to the program-name variable name to get the options variable name--for example, `BISONFLAGS`. (The names `CFLAGS` for the C compiler, `YFLAGS` for yacc, and `LFLAGS` for lex, are exceptions to this rule, but we keep them because they are standard.) Use `CPPFLAGS` in any compilation command that runs the preprocessor, and use `LDFLAGS` in any compilation command that does linking as well as in any direct use of `ld`.

If there are C compiler options that must be used for proper compilation of certain files, do not include them in `CFLAGS`. Users expect to be able to specify `CFLAGS` freely themselves. Instead, arrange to pass the necessary options to the C compiler independently of `CFLAGS`, by writing them explicitly in the compilation commands or by defining an implicit rule, like this:

         CFLAGS = -g
         ALL_CFLAGS = -I. $(CFLAGS)
         .c.o:
                 $(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $<

Do include the `-g` option in `CFLAGS`, because that is not required for proper compilation. You can consider it a default that is only recommended. If the package is set up so that it is compiled with GCC by default, then you might as well include `-O` in the default value of `CFLAGS` as well.

Put `CFLAGS` last in the compilation command, after other variables containing compiler options, so the user can use `CFLAGS` to override the others.

`CFLAGS` should be used in every invocation of the C compiler, both those which do compilation and those which do linking.

Every Makefile should define the variable `INSTALL`, which is the basic command for installing a file into the system.

Every Makefile should also define the variables `INSTALL_PROGRAM` and `INSTALL_DATA`. (The default for `INSTALL_PROGRAM` should be `$(INSTALL)`; the default for `INSTALL_DATA` should be `${INSTALL} -m 644`.) Then it should use those variables as the commands for actual installation, for executables and nonexecutables respectively. Use these variables as follows:

         $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo $(bindir)/foo
         $(INSTALL_DATA) libfoo.a $(libdir)/libfoo.a

Optionally, you may prepend the value of `DESTDIR` to the target filename. Doing this allows the installer to create a snapshot of the installation to be copied onto the real target filesystem later. Do not set the value of `DESTDIR` in your Makefile, and do not include it in any installed files. With support for `DESTDIR`, the above examples become:

         $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/foo
         $(INSTALL_DATA) libfoo.a $(DESTDIR)$(libdir)/libfoo.a

Always use a file name, not a directory name, as the second argument of the installation commands. Use a separate command for each file to be installed.